How to Protect Yourself from Wildfire Smoke and Poor Air Quality

As smoke from intense wildfires in Canada continues to drift into the United States, it's more important than ever to understand how to stay safe from harmful air pollution. Wildfire smoke contains dangerous pollutants — including toxic gases and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) — that can severely impact your health.

These microscopic particles are not always visible but can enter your lungs and bloodstream, posing risks whether you're indoors or outside. Here's a complete guide to understanding the health risks of wildfire smoke, how to check air quality, and how to protect yourself and your family.

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Health Risks and Symptoms of Wildfire Smoke Exposure

Wildfire smoke is made up of a mix of gases and fine particles, particularly PM2.5, which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) calls the most concerning for human health.

Short-Term Health Effects:

• Coughing

• Wheezing

• Difficulty breathing

• Eye, nose, and throat irritation

• Worsening of asthma or bronchitis

Long-Term or Severe Effects:

• Increased risk of heart attacks and stroke

• Lung cancer

• Decline in cognitive functions

Even if you're healthy, exposure to wildfire smoke can cause symptoms, especially with prolonged exposure.

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Who Is Most Vulnerable to Wildfire Smoke?

While anyone can be affected, certain groups face higher health risks:

• Older adults

• Pregnant individuals

• Infants and children

• People with asthma or other respiratory issues

• Those with heart disease or chronic lung conditions

These populations should take extra precautions during periods of poor air quality.

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How to Check Local Air Quality

Knowing the air quality in your area is key to staying safe. You can use reliable resources like:

• AirNow.gov – Provides real-time air quality updates with a color-coded Air Quality Index (AQI)

• AirNow Mobile App – Offers local AQI alerts and health recommendations.

• Air Quality Reader App – Tracks air pollution levels in your area

Also, watch for air quality alerts from your local public health department or the National Weather Service.

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Tips to Protect Yourself from Wildfire Smoke

1. Wear the Right Mask Outdoors

If you must go outside when air quality is poor, use a certified NIOSH-approved respirator mask, such as an:

• N95

• P100

Make sure the mask:

• Has two straps for a proper seal

• It is labeled with "NIOSH."

• Fits tightly (facial hair may affect the seal)

Note: These respirator masks are not designed for children.

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2. Stay Indoors and Improve Indoor Air Quality

Even inside, wildfire smoke can seep in through vents and small openings. Here’s how to keep indoor air as clean as possible:

• Keep windows and doors closed.

• Use HVAC systems with high-efficiency filters (MERV 13 or higher recommended)

• Set the car or home systems to recirculate air

3. Use a HEPA Air Purifier

A HEPA-certified air purifier with a strong fan can dramatically improve indoor air quality. For best results:

• Choose models rated for 350+ square feet.

• Select purifiers with carbon filters to reduce odors.

• Run your purifier continuously during smoky conditions.

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Final Thoughts

Wildfire smoke isn’t just a nuisance — it’s a serious health hazard. By monitoring air quality, wearing the right protection, and maintaining clean indoor air, you can greatly reduce your risk of health problems caused by smoke exposure.

Stay informed. Stay indoors when needed. Breathe clean.